Electrolytic eluent recycle device, apparatus and method of use

ABSTRACT

Electrolytic eluent recycle systems for ion chromatography using a multi-channel electrolytic ion exchange device which integrates suppression, eluent generation, and eluent recycle. The systems recycle the eluent into the analytical system without passing the eluent through the electrode chambers. Also, such systems with a channel for electrolytic removal of ions from the suppression effluent before recycle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/062,747 filed on Jan. 28, 2008.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Trovion, a company now located in Campbell, Calif., has developed,manufactured and marketed electrolytic ion exchange devices foranalytical scale water purification. The Trovion CIRA products aredesigned to integrate into analytical instrumentation with the productwater flow rate being compatible with instrumentation.

In the Trovion electrolytic ion exchange devices, the product water, oranalytical stream, never passes through the electrode chambers. As aresult, the product water or sample stream is not contaminated withelectrolysis by-products such as oxygen, hydrogen, ozone and hydrogenperoxide. Since ozone and hydrogen peroxide can damage ion exchangematerials, minimizing contact of critical ion exchange components withthese oxidizers is advantageous.

In US Patent Application US20060231404, an electrolytic suppressor andeluent purifier is disclosed in which the electrode chambers areisolated from the analytical or waste stream (resulting from the feed).For the suppression of hydrochloric acid, no damage to the ion exchangematerials was observed since chloride is not received into the anodecompartment, but instead is received into a non-electrolytic centralmixed bed waste chamber.

In US Patent Application US20060186046, an ion chromatography systemusing catalytic gas elimination combined with eluent recycle isdescribed. In this system, electrolytic suppressors are used and therecycled eluent is recovered in the electrode chambers. Since theelectrode chambers produce hydrogen and oxygen, catalytic elimination ofthe hydrogen and oxygen gases is used. The catalytic recombination ofoxygen and hydrogen to water eliminates problems associated withdissolved gases in the eluent stream and aids in reducing electrolyticby products such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention is an integrated suppressor and eluentgenerator apparatus for ion chromatography comprising a suppressorchamber comprising ion exchange material and including an inlet and anoutlet, a first electrode chamber comprising a first electrode andincluding an inlet and an outlet, a second electrode chamber comprisinga second electrode and including an inlet and an outlet, an eluentgenerator chamber comprising flow-through ion exchange material andincluding an inlet and an outlet, a first barrier preventing significantliquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge,positive or negative, disposed between the eluent generator chamber andthe second electrode chamber, a second barrier preventing significantliquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge,positive or negative, disposed between the suppressor chamber and theeluent generator chamber, an eluent recycle conduit providing fluidcommunication, directly or indirectly, between the suppressor chamberand the eluent generator chamber, and an electrode rinse conduitdisposed between first and second electrode chambers isolated from saideluent recycle conduit.

Another embodiment is an integrated suppressor and eluent generatorapparatus for ion chromatography comprising a suppressor chambercomprising ion exchange material and including an inlet and an outlet, afirst electrode chamber comprising a first electrode and including aninlet and an outlet, a second electrode chamber comprising a secondelectrode and including an inlet and an outlet, an eluent generatorchamber comprising flow-through ion exchange material and including aninlet and an outlet, a first barrier preventing significant liquid flow,but permitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive ornegative, disposed between the eluent generator chamber and the secondelectrode chamber, a second barrier preventing significant liquid flow,but permitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive ornegative, disposed between the suppressor chamber and the eluentgenerator chamber, a third barrier preventing significant liquid flow,but permitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive ornegative, disposed between the first electrode chamber and thesuppressor chamber, an ion removal chamber comprising ion exchangematerial, a fourth barrier preventing significant liquid flow, butpermitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive or negative,disposed between the first electrode chamber and the ion removalchamber, and an eluent recycle conduit providing fluid communicationbetween the suppressor chamber and the eluent generator chamber andcomprising the ion removal chamber and an eluent recycle conduit portiondisposed between the ion removal chamber and the eluent generatorchamber.

A further embodiment is an ion chromatography method using an integratedsuppressor and eluent generator chamber apparatus for ion chromatographycomprising a suppressor chamber comprising ion exchange material andincluding an inlet and an outlet, a first electrode chamber comprising afirst electrode and including an inlet and an outlet, a second electrodechamber comprising a second electrode and including an inlet and anoutlet, an eluent generator chamber comprising flow-through ion exchangematerial and including an inlet and an outlet, a first barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between the eluentgenerator chamber and the second electrode chamber, and a second barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between the suppressorchamber and the eluent generator chamber. The method comprises flowingan eluent stream comprising separated ionic species of one charge,positive or negative, through the suppression chamber to suppress theeluent, recycling the suppressed eluent from the suppressor chamber,directly or indirectly, to the eluent generator chamber, passing acurrent between the first and second electrodes through the suppressorchamber and eluent generator chamber, during suppression, forsuppression and eluent generation, and flowing an aqueous rinse solutionthrough the first and second electrode chambers and between them.

Another embodiment comprises an ion chromatography method using anintegrated suppressor and eluent generator apparatus for ionchromatography comprising a suppressor chamber comprising ion exchangematerial and including an inlet and an outlet, a first electrode chambercomprising a first electrode and including an inlet and an outlet, asecond electrode chamber comprising a second electrode and including aninlet and an outlet, an eluent generator chamber comprising flow-throughion exchange material and including an inlet and an outlet, a firstbarrier preventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport ofions of only one charge, positive or negative, disposed between theeluent generator chamber and the second electrode chamber, a secondbarrier preventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport ofions of only one charge, positive or negative, disposed between thesuppressor chamber and the eluent generator chamber, a third barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between the firstelectrode chamber and the suppressor chamber, an ion removal chambercomprising ion exchange material, and a fourth barrier preventingsignificant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only onecharge, positive or negative, disposed between the first electrodechamber and the ion removal chamber. The method comprises flowing aneluent stream comprising separated ionic species of one charge, positiveor negative, through the suppression chamber to suppress the eluent,flowing the suppressed eluent from the suppressor chamber, directly orindirectly to the ion removal chamber and then to the eluent generatorchamber, and passing a current between the first and second electrodesthrough the suppressor chamber, ion removal chamber, and eluentgenerator chamber, during suppression, for suppression, removal of ionsin the ion removal chamber, and for eluent generation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-12 are schematic representations of different integrated devicesaccording to the invention.

FIGS. 13-17 depict experimental results using selected integrateddevices of one of FIGS. 1-12.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Electrolytic devices are disclosed in which the analytical stream(sample-containing eluent) does not pass through the electrode chambers.In all embodiments, a separate liquid flow is used for the electrodechambers. Some details of the construction, materials, operation and ionmovement in the electrolytic device disclosed herein can be found in USpatent application US20060231404.

The invention relates to improvements in integrated devices for eluentsuppression and generation of eluents which can be used as the eluent(e.g. an acid or a base) for sample ions of one charge, positive ornegative, to be chromatographically separated in an ion chromatograph(IC) system. Integrated devices which combine suppression with otheroperations are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,027,643 and 6,508,985; andin US Patent Applications US20060231404 and US20060186046, collectively“the prior art integrated device publications,” and incorporated byreference for their disclosures of operation and construction, includingdetails of suitable barrier and ion exchange materials.

The term “ion exchange materials” refers to ion exchange resins, e.g.ion exchange particles in an ion exchange particle bed, ion exchangefibers, ion exchange screens, or ion exchange monoliths. Typically, oneof two types of ion exchange materials are used, anion exchangematerials and cation exchange materials (i.e. ones with anion and/orcation exchangeable ions) such as disclosed in the prior art integrateddevice publications. Anion and cation exchange materials may be mixed toproduce a mixed ion exchange material, e.g. in a mixed packed bed ofanion and cation particles. Typically, the cation exchange material is astrong acid ion exchanger, i.e., a material containing sulfonic acidgroups, and the anion exchange material is a strong base ion exchangecontaining quaternary amine groups. Preferably, the ion exchangematerials are conductive so that ions may migrate through the ionexchange material towards the respective electrodes.

The invention uses a number of barriers which prevent significant liquidflow but which permit the transport of ions of only one charge, positiveor negative, preferably through exchangeable ions on the barriers.Suitably such barriers are ion exchange membranes of one of two types,anion or cation exchange (i.e. ones with exchangeable anions or cationsas disclosed in the prior art integrated device publications). These ionexchange membranes typically have strong basic or strongly acidicfunctional groups. An anion exchange membrane will transport only anionsthrough the membrane, while the membrane prevents the bulk flow ofliquid from one side of the membrane to the other. A cation exchangemembrane will transport only cations through the membrane, while themembrane prevents the bulk flow of liquid from one side of the membraneto the other. Thus, preferably the membranes are conductive so that ionsmay migrate through the ion exchange membrane towards their respectiveelectrodes. The invention will be described using ion exchange membranesas such barriers.

Anion Analysis Using the Device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a device to be used for anion analysis.The integrated suppressor and eluent generator device 20 has fourdiscrete chambers. It includes a first electrode chamber in the form ofan anode chamber 22 containing an anode electrode 24, defined on oneside by a cation exchange membrane 26 or connector (CM), separating theanode chamber 22 from suppression chamber 28. Suppression chamber 28 maybe filled with a strong cation exchange material (e.g. Dowex 50WX8cation exchange resin in a packed bed 30). A cation exchange membrane 32or connector (CM) (of the same charge, positive or negative, as membrane26) separates suppression chamber 28 from an eluent generator chamber34. (The eluent generator generates a base, KOH as illustrated, toreplenish part or all of the KOH eluent to be supplied to achromatographic separator.) Chamber 34 is also referred to as areceiving chamber since it “receives” the eluent.

As shown in FIG. 1 for anion analysis, suppressor chamber 28, suitablycontaining high capacity cation exchange in a packed bed, is used toelectrolytically suppress the eluent, illustrated as KOH, fed to chamber28 from a chromatography separator (not shown) in line 38. Thesuppressed eluent ions (illustrated as K⁺) are transmitted across cationexchange membrane 32 and received into chamber 34 in which eluent, e.g.KOH, is generated suitably for use as the eluent feed in line 38 tosuppressor chamber 28. The chamber may contain ion exchange materialhaving exchangeable cations or anions, or a mixture, (e.g. cation, anionor a mixture of anion and cation ion exchange resin particles in a bed).In this configuration, the device could be used for integratedsuppression and eluent generation.

More specifically, as illustrated for anion analysis in FIG. 1, theeluent (an aqueous solution of KOH) flows in line 38 from achromatographic separator (e.g. a chromatography column in which ions ofone charge, positive or negative, are separated) to the inlet ofsuppressor chamber 28. Solution flowing through the suppressor chamber28 flows in line 40 to the inlet of chamber 34 in which eluent iselectrolytically generated. Between the outlet of suppressor chamber 28and the inlet of chamber 34, the separated ions in line 40 are detected,e.g. in conductivity cell 42 in line 40.

An electrode chamber 44 contains an electrode 46 which is connected withelectrode 24 to a power supply so that electrodes 24 and 46 are ofopposite charge and a current is passed between the electrodes throughall barriers and chambers of the device. As illustrated, electrode 46 isa cathode. Electrodes 24 and 46 may be flow-through electrodes or may bedisposed in chambers 22 and 44, preferably parallel to liquid flow, withclearance for liquid flow. Electrode 46 is separated from chamber 34 bybarrier 48 illustrated as an anion exchange membrane of opposite chargeto cation exchange membrane 26 adjacent to electrode chamber 24.

An aqueous rinse water solution flows in line 50 into chamber 24 and outrecycle line 52 to electrode chamber 44 and may flow in line 54 towaste. In an alternative, not shown, the rinse water may flow in theopposite direction between chambers 34 and 44. The rinse water isisolated from eluent flow. An advantage of a single recycle streamflowing sequentially between the electrode chambers versus flowing inparallel, is that the flow rate is equal in both electrode chambers.

Eluent solution (e.g. KOH) generated in chamber 34 is recycled in line56 to an eluent reservoir (not shown) for use as all or part of theeluent to be supplied with the sample analytes to a chromatographycolumn, not shown, for analyte separation and subsequent flow in line 38to suppressor chamber 28.

Eluent generation in chamber 34 is performed by the electrolyticreactions illustrated in the prior art integrated device publicationsexcept that the electrodes are isolated from eluent flow, e.g. bymembrane 48 which isolates electrode 46 from the chamber 34 in whicheluent, e.g. KOH, is generated. Thus, the H₂ and O₂ gases generated atthe electrodes are substantially isolated from chamber 34

Since the analytical stream (suppressed eluent) flowing in line 40,chamber 34, and line 56 never passes through the electrode chambers, therecycled generated eluent in line 56 will not contain oxygen, hydrogenand should not have appreciable concentrations of electrochemicalby-products. A separate liquid flow is passed through the electrodechambers and in recycle line 52 which is isolated from the eluentstream. The electrode wash liquid typically is deionized water andserves as a source of water for electrolysis to produce hydronium at theanode and hydroxide at the cathode. The electrode rinse solution couldbe recycled.

In the device of FIG. 1, analyte anions will be present in the recycledeluent, but no hydrogen, oxygen, ozone or hydrogen peroxide. Over time,the analyte anions will accumulate in the recycled eluent in line 58which can compromise performance.

For anion analysis, an anion trap column (not shown) placed in line 40between the conductivity cell 42 and the eluent generation chamber 34would remove the trace anions. This anion trap column could contain highcapacity anion exchange resin material, e.g. in a packed bed, so thatthe lifetime of the trap could be very long. In addition to removinganalytes form the recycled eluent, the trap column could also bedesigned to trap anionic oligomers leaching from the sulfonated cationexchange materials of the suppression chamber 28 and chamber 34.

For cation analysis, the polarity of all elements, e.g. the membranesand ion exchange materials, are reversed.

In FIG. 2, a device similar to that of FIG. 1 is illustrated with likeparts designated with like numbers. The cation exchange material of theeluent chamber 34 is replaced with a composite (mixture) of anion andcation exchange materials (i.e. ones with anion and cation exchangeableions). In this configuration, the anion exchange material of eluentchamber 34 can retain the analyte anions as well as anionic oligomerleach from the suppression chamber. Fully sulfonated cation exchangematerials are known to leach anionically charged (typically sulfonated)material which are oligomers that result form sulfonation or incompletepolymerization. These anionic oligomers will bind substantiallyirreversibly to anion exchange materials. Thus, the anion exchangematerial in eluent generation chamber 34 will prevent contamination ofthe analytical anion separator column by the anionic leach from thesuppression chamber 28. The anion exchange capacity in the eluentchamber 34 should be high enough so that the recycled eluent, watersplitting or electrophoretic displacement will not result in asignificant concentration of the analyte in the recycled eluent. Theanion exchange capacity in eluent generation chamber 34 will also act totrap the analytes (sample anions). The anion capacity and selectivitywill be sufficient so that the eluent formed in the chamber can notdisplace the anions into the eluent. Water splitting will occur in theeluent chamber as a result of the intimate contact of anion and cationexchange material and the applied electric field. Water splitting candisplace retained analytes from the anion resin of eluent generationchamber 34. If the anion capacity is sufficient, water splitting willnot be able to displace a significant amount of the trapped analyteanions. In principle, this should eliminate the need for an externalanion trap column.

In FIG. 3, like parts with FIG. 1 will be designated with like numbers.The eluent chamber 34 contains only anion exchange material. In thisconfiguration, water splitting occurs only at the cation membrane32-anion exchange interface 34 and retention of analyte anion andanionic oligomers leach should be complete as a result of the highcapacity anion exchange material.

A potential complication of the devices in FIGS. 2 and 3 with carbonateeluent may result from the fact that the anion exchange material of theeluent chamber 34 will affect the ratio of carbonate/bicarbonate andhydroxide in the solution and anion exchange phase. When polarized,there will be a continuous flux of hydroxide from the cathode chamberinto the eluent chamber. Thus, some time will be required for therecycled eluent to fully equilibrate with the anion exchange resin andthe continuous flux of hydroxide.

Other configurations for anion analysis are shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.Like parts with FIG. 1 will be designed with like numbers. The devicesof FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 incorporate an integrated anion removal chamber 60independent of chamber 34 on the anode side of the device for anionanalysis. These devices are compatible with hydroxide, but not carbonateeluent, since the carbonate would be removed into the anode chamberalong with the analyte.

In the devices of FIGS. 4-6, analyte anions are removed into theelectrode rinse in anode chamber 22 and would flow in line 52 to cathodechamber 44 which could be drawn into chamber 34 across anion exchangemembrane 48. Since the anionic analyte concentration will be low, thisshould not be a major issue. An anion trap column (not shown) externalto the integrated device 20 upstream in the electrode rinse streams 50and 52 would trap such analyte anions.

In the device of FIG. 4, an anion removal chamber 60 is integrated intothe device, containing mixed bed material. Chamber 60 is disposedbetween anode chamber 22 and suppressor chamber 28. Here, suppressedeluent/analytes flows in line 40 from suppressor chamber 28 throughconductivity cell 42 to ion removal chamber 60 which is bounded on theanode chamber 22 side by anionic membrane barrier 26. Cation exchangemembrane barrier 62 separates ion removal chamber 60 from suppressorchamber 28. As illustrated, the analyte anions are transmitted acrossanion exchange membrane 26 toward anode 24. Thus, the solution exitingchamber 60 in line 64 has been purified of the analyte anions and is apure water source for generation of eluent (KOH) in chamber 34.

As in the device of FIG. 1, a possible problem with the device of FIG. 4is the potential for anionic oligomer from the cationic eluent chamber.A solution to this is shown in FIG. 5, where the eluent chamber 34contains a mixed anion and cation exchange material. As in FIG. 2, theanion exchange material of the mixed exchange material in the eluentchamber will minimize anionic leach. Anionic oligomers, which arestrongly retained by the anion exchangers, accumulate in the eluentchamber since anions are not removed in this chamber.

The device of FIG. 6 contains only anion exchange material in the eluentchamber 34. This configuration further minimizes the risk of anionicoligomers in the recycled eluent.

Most anion samples will contain alkali and alkaline-earth metals. Thesecations will accumulate in the recycled eluent causing adversechromatographic effects such as poor peak symmetry, reduced peakresponse and poor recovery. In addition, retention times may be affectedsince the carbonate-bicarbonate ratio will be changed as the cationsaccumulate in the recycled eluent.

For samples high in cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, calciumand magnesium, the sample cations may need to be removed prior toinjection of sample in the eluent for chromatographic analysis in theseparator which flows in line 38 to suppressor chamber 28. For manualsample injection, this could be accomplished using a cation exchangecolumn in the hydronium form for sample pretreatment prior toseparation. When using an autosampler, a cation trap column (hydroniumform) could be placed between the autosampler and an injection valve.The cation trap column capacity could be designed to last as long as therecycled eluent, and would be replaced with the eluent.

Electrode Rinse in Anion Analysis

The electrode rinse solution provides aqueous flow through the electrodechambers and when electrolyzed, provides hydronium and hydroxide forregeneration of the ion exchange materials. The electrode rinse could bedelivered to the electrode chambers via a peristaltic pump and theelectrode rinse could be recycled.

The electrolysis reaction produces oxygen and hydrogen gases. Thesegases must either be vented so they do not accumulate in the rinsecontainer or recombined (using a platinum or palladium catalyst) towater. The simplest approach uses an open electrode rinse containerwhich provides the required venting. It is also possible to separate thecathode and anode streams.

At the anode, ozone is produced and at the cathode, hydrogen peroxide.Both are these compounds are strong oxidizers and can attack not onlythe ion exchange materials, but can react with other ions forminganionic oxidizers such as hypochlorite and percarbonate.

By minimizing the production of hydrogen peroxide or by consuming itafter production, the adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide can beminimized. Since hydrogen peroxide is not stable in base, the electroderinse solution for anion analysis could be dilute sodium hydroxide. Thisshould prevent the build-up of hydrogen peroxide in the recycledelectrode rinse solution for anions

For cation analysis in ion chromatography, an acid eluent such assulfuric, nitric or methanesulfonic acid can be used and recycled usingthe devices shown in FIGS. 7-12. For FIGS. 7-12, like parts will bedesignated with like numbers as in FIGS. 1-6. In general, the cationanalysis devices of FIGS. 7-12 have the same components as the anionanalysis devices of FIGS. 1-6 except for a change of polarity of theanalytes, reagents and charged components of the devices. Referring toFIGS. 7-9, for cation analysis, the suppression chamber 28 containsanion exchange resin and eluent generation chamber 34 contains anion,cation or a mixture of ion exchange materials. An external cation trapcolumn, not shown, is preferably disposed in line 40 between the outletof conductivity cell and eluent generation chamber 34 An advantage ofthe devices of FIGS. 7-12, is their compatibility with electrochemicallyactive eluents such as nitric and hydrochloric acids. In a conventionalelectrolytic suppressor used in cation analysis, the eluent anion isremoved into the anode chamber 44 (previously the cathode chamber). Ifthe eluent anion is electroactive such as chloride, oxidation of thechloride to hypochlorite occurs. The hypochlorite will concentrate inthe anion exchange material of the anode chamber causing degradation ofthe ion exchange material and subsequent failure of the suppressor. Inthe devices below, the eluent anion is not removed into the electrodechamber, but instead into the non-electroactive receiving chamber(eluent generation chamber).

As illustrated, sulfuric acid is used as an eluent. Chamber 34 in FIG. 7contains only anion exchange material. The anion resin will be in thesulfate/bisulfate and hydroxide forms depending on the resin and appliedcurrent. To the extent that the anion resin is in the hydroxide form,degradation of the anion resin could occur resulting in trace amines andammonia being added to the recycled eluent. This may cause an increasein background conductivity of the suppressed eluent. A solution to thisproblem is to replace the anion exchange resin of eluent generationchamber 34 with mixed bed resin, as shown in FIG. 8. Trace cations fromthe anion resin degradation as well as analyte cations, will be trappedfor some period in the cation resin of the mixed bed.

The device of FIG. 9 replaces the mixed bed of eluent generation chamber34 in FIG. 8 with cation resin. This eliminates the cationic degradationproducts of chamber 34 and may also trap any degradation products fromsuppression chamber 28 and will retain analyte cations for some period.Sulfonated anionic leach from the cation resin of the chamber (see FIG.9) would be present in the eluent but then trapped by the anion resin ofthe suppression chamber.

In FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, a cation removal chamber 60 is added adjacent tothe cathode 24 for continuous removal of cation analytes. Since thecation removal chamber 60 is continuously regenerated, an external trapcartridge may be eliminated. Any cationic degradation from thesuppression chamber (amines and ammonia) should also be removed in theanalyte removal chamber. Analyte cations are removed into cathodechamber 22 and the water exiting the analyte removal chamber 60 isdeionized before entering eluent generation chamber 34. The analytecations in the electrode rinse can be drawn into eluent generationchamber 34 from anode chamber 44. Since the analyte concentration willbe low, this is not considered to be a major issue.

In FIGS. 10, 11 and 12, the eluent generation chambers contain anionresin, mixed bed resin and cation resin, respectively.

Counter Ion Effects in Cation Analysis

Each injection of a sample for cations analysis will introduce sampleanion contaminants (counter-ions) into the system. One approach to thecounter-ion problem is to restrict the use of the recycle approach tosamples with low TDS (below 10 ppm). In this case, the sample anioncontaminants may not present a problem during the lifetime of therecycled eluent.

In most samples, the sample anion contaminants will be the anions suchas chloride and sulfate. These anions will accumulate in the recycledeluent in the acid from and will increase the acid eluent concentrationcausing a decrease in retention times. This could offset the decrease inthe eluent concentration from dilution of the eluent by sampleinjection.

For samples high in anion contaminants such chloride or sulfate, it maybe necessary to remove the sample anions prior to injection. For manualsample injection, this could be accomplished via an anion trap column inthe hydroxide form. When using an autosampler, an anion trap columncould be placed between the autosampler and an injection valve. Theanion trap column capacity could be designed to last as long as therecycled eluent, and would be replaced with the eluent.

An alternative approach uses an electrolytic cation exchange device asthe trap column. This could be a CIRA device (CIRA 10A) or a DionexCR-ATC. With these devices, regeneration is continuous and the trapwould not have to be replaced periodically.

Electrode Rinse for Cations

The electrode rinse for cations can not contain base since the cation ofthe base will be electrophoretically drawn into the eluent chamber. Oneproposed solution is to use water as the electrode rinse with an anionexchange cartridge in the hydroxide form. This should help degrade thehydrogen peroxide, but degradation of the hydroxide form resin willresult in ammonia and amines.

In order to illustrate the present invention, the following non-limitingexamples of its practice are set forth.

Example 1 Anion IC Using an Integrated Suppressor and Eluent Generator

An integrated suppressor and eluent generator device for anion IC(FIG. 1) was constructed using machined high density polyethylenehardware to retain the electrodes, membranes and resin. The internalflow dimensions of the suppression chamber were 0.40 cm in diameter and3.81 cm in length. The internal flow dimensions of the eluent generationchamber were 0.40 cm in diameter and 1.27 cm in length.

The anode chamber contained a platinum gauze electrode (Unique WireWeaving Inc, Hillside, N.J.). In contact with the anode and separatingthe anode chamber from the suppression chamber was a cation membrane(Electropure Excellion I-100 cation membrane, a product of ElectropureInc, Laguna Hills, Calif.). The suppression chamber was filled withcation exchange resin (DOWEX™ 50×4 (200 mesh), a product of the DowChemical Company, Midland, Mich.) in the hydronium form. A cationmembrane (Electropure Excellion I-100 cation membrane, a product ofElectropure Inc, Laguna Hills, Calif.) separated the suppression chamberfrom the eluent generation chamber.

The eluent generation chamber was filled with cation exchange resin(DOWEX™ 50×4 (200 mesh), a product of the Dow Chemical Company, Midland,Mich.) in the hydronium form. Separating the eluent generation chamberfrom the cathode chamber is anion membrane (Electropure Excellion I-200anion membrane, a product of Electropure Inc, Laguna Hills, Calif.) Thecathode chamber contained platinum gauze electrodes (Unique Wire WeavingInc, Hillside, N.J.). The cathode is in direct contact with the cationmembrane and cathode chamber. A Dionex ATC3 anion trap column (not shownin FIG. 1) was placed between the conductivity cell outlet and theeluent generator chamber inlet chamber to trap the analyte anions fromthe suppressed eluent.

The device of FIG. 1 was tested using a Dionex DX500 Ion Chromatographysystem (a product of Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, Calif.) consisting of aGP50 pump, CD25 conductivity detector and a LC30 chromatography oven. Aneluent of 4.5 mM sodium carbonate and 1.4 mM sodium bicarbonate waspumped at a flow of 1.2 mL/min to a analytical anion exchange column(AG22/AS22 a product of Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.) for separationof the sample anions. An Agilent E3611A DC power supply (Agilent Corp.,Santa Clara, Calif.) was used to power the device of FIG. 1 at aconstant current of 35 mA (approximately 30V). A peristaltic pump(MASTERFLEX LS, a product of the Cole-Parmer company, Vernon Hills,Ill.) was used to recycle deionized water at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/minto the anode chamber and then to the cathode chamber and then back tothe deionized water container.

From the outlet of the analytical column, the eluent was directed to theinlet of the suppression chamber, out of the suppression chamber and tothe conductivity cell, out of the conductivity cell and to the trapcolumn and then to the eluent generation chamber. From the outlet of thegeneration chamber the eluent can be directed to waste (non-recyclemode) or back to the eluent container (recycle mode). FIG. 13 shows achromatogram obtained with the system described above.

Table I shows retention times and chromatographic efficiencies for thecommon anions using the device of FIG. 1. The chromatographicefficiencies are comparable to those obtained with commerciallyavailable electrolytic suppressors.

TABLE I Chromatographic Efficiency for Anion ER Plates Peak Name RT min(ER) 1 fluoride. 3.083 4986 2 chloride 4.457 11107 3 nitrite 5.353 84884 bromide 6.387 12149 5 nitrate. 7.137 12151 6 phosphate 9.577 9415 7sulfate. 11.13 11081

Recycling an eluent volume of 500 mL, the retention time trend data inFIG. 14 was obtained. The data represents 26 complete recycle(regeneration) of the 500 mL of eluent. This number of cycles isequivalent to operating the system continuously for 30 days with a 2 Lcontainer of eluent being recycled.

FIG. 15 shows the retention time standard deviation for the nine cyclesusing a 500 mL volume of eluent. This corresponds to continuouslyoperating for 11 days (24 hours/day) with 2 L of eluent. The retentiontime standard deviation is less than 1.22% for all analytes.

Example 2 Cation IC Using an Integrated Suppressor and Eluent Generator

An integrated suppressor and eluent generator apparatus for cation IC(FIG. 7) was constructed using machined high density polyethylenehardware to retain the electrodes, membranes and resin. The internalflow dimensions of the suppression chamber were 0.40 cm in diameter and3.81 cm in length. The internal flow dimensions of the eluent generationwere 0.40 cm in diameter and 1.27 cm in length.

The cathode chamber contained a platinum gauze electrode (Unique WireWeaving Inc, Hillside, N.J.). In contact with the cathode and separatingthe cathode chamber from the suppression chamber was an anion membrane(Electropure Excellion I-200 anion membrane, a product of ElectropureInc, Laguna Hills, Calif.). The suppression chamber was filled withanion exchange resin (DOWEX™ 1×4 (200 mesh), a product of The DowChemical Company, Midland, Mich.) in the hydroxide form. An anionmembrane (Electropure Excellion I-200 anion membrane, a product ofElectropure Inc, Laguna Hills, Calif.) separated the suppression chamberfrom the eluent generation chamber. The eluent generation chamber wasfilled with anion exchange resin (DOWEX™ 1×4 (200 mesh), a product ofThe Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.) in the hydroxide form.Separating the eluent generation chamber from the anode chamber iscation membrane (Electropure Excellion I-100 cation membrane, a productof Electropure Inc, Laguna Hills, Calif.). The anode chamber containedplatinum gauze electrodes (Unique Wire Weaving Inc, Hillside, N.J.). Theanode is in direct contact with the cation membrane and anode chamber. ADionex CTC3 cation trap column (not shown in FIG. 1) was placed betweenthe conductivity cell outlet and the eluent generator chamber inletchamber to trap the analyte cations from the suppressed eluent.

The device of FIG. 7 was tested using a Dionex DX500 Ion Chromatographysystem (a product of Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, Calif.) consisting of aGP50 pump, CD25 conductivity detector and a LC30 chromatography oven. Aneluent of 20 mN sulfuric acid was pumped at a flow of 1.0 mL/min to aanalytical cation exchange column (CG12A/CS12A a product of DionexCorp., Sunnyvale, Calif.) for separation of the sample cations. AnAgilent E3611A DC power supply (Agilent Corp., Santa Clara, Calif.) wasused to power the device of FIG. 7 at a constant current of 50 mA(approximately 25V). A peristaltic pump (MASTERFLEX LS, a product of theCole-Parmer Company, Vernon Hills, Ill.) was used to recycle deionizedwater at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min to the anode chamber and then to thecathode chamber and then back to the deionized water container. From theoutlet of the analytical column, the eluent was directed to the inlet ofthe suppression chamber, out of the suppression chamber and to theconductivity cell, out of the conductivity cell and to the trap columnand then to the eluent generation chamber. From the outlet of thegeneration chamber the eluent can be directed to waste (non-recyclemode) or back to the eluent container (recycle mode). FIG. 16 shows achromatography obtained with the system described above.

Recycling an eluent volume of 120 mL, the retention time trend data inFIG. 17 was obtained. This number of cycles is equivalent to operatingthe system continuously for 30 days with a 2 L container of eluent beingrecycled.

Table II show the % RSD of retention times for the analyte cations overthe 22 cycles of the sulfuric acid eluent.

TABLE II % RSD for Retention Times, Cation Chromatography withIntegrated Suppression and Eluent Generation (22 cycles) Average PeakName RT min % RSD 1 lithium 3.91 0.908 2 sodium 4.75 1.00 3 ammonium5.48 1.06 4 potassium 6.90 1.12 5 magnesium. 11.5 2.99 6 calcium 13.83.07

1. An integrated suppressor and eluent generator apparatus for ionchromatography comprising (a) a suppressor chamber comprising ionexchange material and including an inlet and an outlet, (b) a firstelectrode chamber comprising a first electrode and including an inletand an outlet, (c) a second electrode chamber comprising a secondelectrode and including an inlet and an outlet, (d) an eluent generatorchamber comprising flow-through ion exchange material and including aninlet and an outlet, (e) a first barrier preventing significant liquidflow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive ornegative, disposed between said eluent generator chamber and said secondelectrode chamber, (f) a second barrier preventing significant liquidflow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge, positive ornegative, disposed between said suppressor chamber and said eluentgenerator chamber, (g) an eluent recycle conduit providing fluidcommunication, directly or indirectly, between said suppressor chamberand said eluent generator chamber, and (h) an electrode rinse conduitdisposed between said first and second electrode chambers isolated fromsaid eluent recycle conduit.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising a detector disposed along said eluent recycle conduit.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1 further comprising (i) a third barrier preventingsignificant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only onecharge, positive or negative, disposed between said first electrodechamber and said suppressor chamber.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising (i) an ion trap disposed between said suppression chamber andthe inlet of said eluent generator chamber.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4in which said ion trap comprises (j) an ion removal chamber comprisingion exchange material, and (k) a third barrier preventing significantliquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge,positive or negative, disposed between said first electrode chamber andsaid ion removal chamber, said eluent recycle conduit further comprisingsaid ion removal chamber and an eluent recycle conduit portion disposedbetween said ion removal chamber and said eluent generator chamber. 6.The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising (l) a fourth barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said ion removalchamber and said suppressor chamber.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 in anion chromatography system further comprising (i) a chromatographyseparator including ion exchange material and having an inlet and anoutlet, said separator outlet being in fluid communication with saidsuppressor chamber inlet, said eluent generator chamber outlet being influid communication with said separator inlet.
 8. The apparatus of claim1 in which said first and second barriers comprise exchangeable ions ofopposite charge.
 9. The apparatus of claim 6 in which said third andfourth barriers comprise exchangeable barriers of opposite charge. 10.The apparatus of claim 6 in which said second and fourth barrierscomprise exchangeable ions of the same charge.
 11. The apparatus ofclaim 5 in which the ion exchange material in said ion removal chambercomprises exchangeable ions selected from the group consisting of apositive charge, a negative charge, and a mixture of positive andnegative charges.
 12. An integrated suppressor and eluent generatorapparatus for ion chromatography comprising (a) a suppressor chambercomprising ion exchange material and including an inlet and an outlet,(b) a first electrode chamber comprising a first electrode and includingan inlet and an outlet, (c) a second electrode chamber comprising asecond electrode and including an inlet and an outlet, (d) an eluentgenerator chamber comprising flow-through ion exchange material andincluding an inlet and an outlet, (e) a first barrier preventingsignificant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only onecharge, positive or negative, disposed between said eluent generatorchamber and said second electrode chamber, (f) a second barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said suppressorchamber and said eluent generator chamber, (g) a third barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said firstelectrode chamber and said suppressor chamber, (h) an ion removalchamber comprising ion exchange material, (i) a fourth barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said firstelectrode chamber and said ion removal chamber, and (j) an eluentrecycle conduit providing fluid communication between said suppressorchamber and said eluent generator chamber and comprising said ionremoval chamber and an eluent recycle conduit portion disposed betweensaid ion removal chamber and said eluent generator chamber.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 12 in which the ion exchange material in said ionremoval chamber comprises exchangeable ions selected from the groupconsisting of a positive charge, a negative charge, and a mixture ofpositive and negative charges.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12 furthercomprising a detector disposed along said eluent recycle conduit.
 15. Anion chromatography method using an integrated suppressor and eluentgenerator apparatus for ion chromatography comprising a suppressorchamber comprising ion exchange material and including an inlet and anoutlet, a first electrode chamber comprising a first electrode andincluding an inlet and an outlet, a second electrode chamber comprisinga second electrode and including an inlet and an outlet, an eluentgenerator chamber comprising flow-through ion exchange material andincluding an inlet and an outlet, a first barrier preventing significantliquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge,positive or negative, disposed between said eluent generator chamber andsaid second electrode chamber, and a second barrier preventingsignificant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only onecharge, positive or negative, disposed between said suppressor chamberand said eluent generator chamber, said method comprising (a) flowing aneluent stream comprising separated ionic species of one charge, positiveor negative, through said suppression chamber to suppress said eluent,(b) recycling said suppressed eluent from said suppressor chamber,directly or indirectly, to said eluent generator chamber, (c) passing acurrent between said first and second electrodes through said suppressorchamber and eluent generator chamber during suppression in step (a) forsuppression and eluent generation, and (d) flowing an aqueous rinsesolution through said first and second electrode chambers and betweenthem.
 16. An ion chromatography method using an integrated suppressorand eluent generator apparatus for ion chromatography comprising asuppressor chamber comprising ion exchange material and including aninlet and an outlet, a first electrode chamber comprising a firstelectrode and including an inlet and an outlet, a second electrodechamber comprising a second electrode and including an inlet and anoutlet, an eluent generator chamber comprising flow-through ion exchangematerial and including an inlet and an outlet, a first barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said eluentgenerator chamber and said second electrode chamber, a second barrierpreventing significant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions ofonly one charge, positive or negative, disposed between said suppressorchamber and said eluent generator chamber, a third barrier preventingsignificant liquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only onecharge, positive or negative, disposed between said first electrodechamber and said suppressor chamber, an ion removal chamber comprisingion exchange material, and a fourth barrier preventing significantliquid flow, but permitting transport of ions of only one charge,positive or negative, disposed between said first electrode chamber andsaid ion removal chamber, said method comprising (a) flowing an eluentstream comprising separated ionic species of one charge, positive ornegative, through said suppression chamber to suppress said eluent, (b)flowing said suppressed eluent from said suppressor chamber to said ionremoval chamber and then to said eluent generator chamber, and (c)passing a current between said first and second electrodes through saidsuppressor chamber, ion removal chamber, and eluent generator chamber,during suppression in step (a) for suppression, removal of ions in saidion removal chamber, and for eluent generation.
 17. The method of claim16 further comprising (d) detecting said separated ionic species afterstep (a) and prior to recycle to said eluent generator chamber.